Biology & Life Sciences Calculators — United Kingdom
Genetics, growth and the bench arithmetic. Universal science, the same everywhere.
Genetics & inheritance
Mutation Rate Calculator
The expected number of new mutations in a genome each generation from the per-base rate and genome size — and how many accumulate in a lineage over many generations.
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Transcription and Translation Calculator
Transcribe a DNA sequence to mRNA and translate it codon by codon into a protein with the standard genetic code.
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Growth & populations
Population Growth Calculator
Exponential and logistic population growth, and the difference between them.
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Cell Doubling Time Calculator
Doubling time and growth rate from two cell counts — with the number of divisions and the projection forward.
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Kleiber Metabolic Rate Calculator
The basal metabolic rate of an animal from its body mass by Kleiber's law — the three-quarter power scaling that holds from a mouse to an elephant — with the daily energy need and the rate per kilogram.
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Respiratory Quotient Calculator
The respiratory quotient from oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide produced — which tells you whether the body is burning carbohydrate, fat or a mix — with the energy expenditure it implies.
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Generation Time Calculator
How many generations fit into a span of years for a species with a given generation time — and how a per-generation rate of change compounds over that span.
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Carrying Capacity Calculator
Population growth toward a carrying capacity by the logistic equation — the size after a given time, the year growth peaks, and how far the population is from its limit.
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Leaf Area Index Calculator
Leaf area index from leaf area and ground area — or from plant density and leaves per plant — with the fraction of sunlight the canopy intercepts by Beer's law.
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Photosynthesis Rate Calculator
The rate of photosynthesis at a given light level from a light-response curve — with the light-saturation point, the compensation point, and the carbon a canopy fixes in a day.
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Animal Body Surface Area Calculator
An animal's body surface area from its mass by the Meeh allometric formula — with the surface-to-volume ratio that decides heat loss, and why a mouse cannot be a scaled-down elephant.
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Species Diversity Index Calculator
The Shannon and Simpson diversity indices from a list of species counts — with evenness, the effective number of species, and which species dominates.
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Predator–Prey Calculator
The Lotka–Volterra predator–prey model — the equilibrium populations, the period of the cycle they oscillate around, and how the populations move over a chosen time from a starting point.
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Herd Immunity Threshold Calculator
The share of a population that must be immune to stop a pathogen spreading, from its basic reproduction number — with the vaccination coverage that reaches it at a given vaccine effectiveness, and the effective reproduction number at the immunity you have now.
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Light Attenuation Depth Calculator
How much surface light reaches a given depth in water, from the attenuation coefficient — with the euphotic depth where 1% remains, the depth for any chosen share, and a Secchi-disc estimate.
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Blood Volume Calculator
An estimate of a person's total blood volume from height, weight and sex by the Nadler equations — with plasma and red cell volumes from the haematocrit, the volume per kilogram, and how much a unit of blood represents.
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Nerve Conduction Velocity Calculator
The conduction velocity of a nerve from the latencies at two stimulation sites and the distance between them — the standard nerve conduction study calculation — with a comparison against a normal lower limit.
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Net Reproductive Rate Calculator
From a life table — survivorship and fecundity by age class — the net reproductive rate, the mean generation time, the intrinsic rate of increase and the doubling time of a population.
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Effective Population Size Calculator
The genetically effective size of a population — from an unequal number of breeding males and females, and from fluctuations over generations — with the rate at which it loses genetic variation and how it measures against the 50/500 rule.
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Animal Gestation Calculator
The expected birth date for livestock and pets from the breeding date and the species’ average gestation.
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Basal Area Calculator
Basal area — the cross-section of tree trunks at breast height per hectare or acre — the forester’s measure of how crowded a stand is.
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Plant Spacing Calculator
How many plants a bed, field or orchard block holds at a given row and in-row spacing — square or staggered.
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Stocking Rate Calculator
How many grazing animals a paddock can carry from its forage yield, the share it is safe to graze, and what each animal eats.
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Cricket Chirp Temperature Calculator
The air temperature from the chirp rate of a cricket — Dolbear’s law, published in 1897 for the snowy tree cricket.
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Compost C:N Ratio Calculator
The carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of a compost mix from its greens and browns, and how much brown material brings it to the 25–30:1 sweet spot.
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Fertiliser Rate Calculator
How much fertiliser product delivers a target nutrient rate over a paddock, lawn or bed, from the product’s analysis.
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Lawn Seed Calculator
How much grass seed a lawn needs, by grass type and whether you are sowing new or overseeding.
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Horse Weight Calculator
A horse’s body weight from a tape around the heart girth and its body length — for feed rations and dosing when there is no scale.
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Solutions & the bench
Cell Dilution Calculator
The volume of cell suspension needed for a target seeding density — and the split ratio it corresponds to.
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DNA Melting Temperature Calculator
The melting temperature of a DNA primer from its sequence — the Wallace rule for short oligos and the GC-content formula for longer ones — with the annealing temperature to use in a PCR.
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Protein Molecular Weight Calculator
A protein's molecular weight from its length in amino acids — or from a sequence — with the moles in a sample and the concentration a solution gives.
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Enzyme Kinetics Calculator
Reaction velocity from substrate concentration by the Michaelis–Menten equation — how far below Vmax the enzyme is running, and the substrate needed to reach any fraction of it.
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Gel Electrophoresis Calculator
Estimate a DNA fragment's size from how far it ran on a gel, calibrated against two ladder bands — the semi-log relationship that every gel is read with.
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PCR Amplification Calculator
How many DNA copies a PCR produces after a given number of cycles at a given efficiency — the mass that makes, and the cycles needed to reach a detectable amount from a few starting molecules.
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Antibody Titre Calculator
The titre of a serum from a serial dilution — the last dilution that still gives a positive result — with its log value, the fold rise against a previous sample, and whether that rise counts as seroconversion.
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Q10 Temperature Coefficient Calculator
The Q10 temperature coefficient of a biological rate from measurements at two temperatures — how many times faster the process runs for a 10 °C rise — and the rate it predicts at any other temperature.
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Daily Light Integral Calculator
Daily light integral — the moles of photons a square metre of crop receives in a day — from the meter’s PPFD and the hours of light.
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DNA Concentration Calculator
Nucleic acid concentration, the A260/A280 purity ratio and total yield from a spectrophotometer reading.
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DNA Copy Number Calculator
How many copies of a DNA molecule are in a given mass — the number qPCR standards, plasmid dilutions and library preps are built on.
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About these calculators
These are teaching and bench calculations using standard models. Real populations violate Hardy-Weinberg assumptions, real cultures leave exponential phase, and real inheritance involves linkage and penetrance that a Punnett square does not capture.